Energy method of evaluation is widely employed in analyzing problems associated with sustainable agriculture. In this study, energy ratio (ER) of DRYLAND WHEAT for three regions of Eghlid township was quantified. The total croppingarea of Eghlid is nearly 8282 hectares comprised of: Khosrowshirin (5000 ha), Sedeh (1682 ha) and Dezhkord (1600 ha). The corresponding values of WHEAT yield in these subareas are 1, 1.02 and 0.9 ton/ha, respectively. In this township, DRYLAND cropping is performed via two methods: mechanized (using moldboard plow and then deep seed drilling) vs semi-mechanized (manual seed broadcasting, or using a "seed broadcaster and then applying the moldboard plow). In this study, the' equivalent energy inputs and outputs for either one of the methods was evaluatted or then the corresponding energy ratio determined. Inputs were: fertilizer, seed, pesticide, fuel, equipment, labor, while outputs being grain yield and straw. Grain energy ratio for Khosrowshirin, Sedeh" and Dezhkord were obtained as 1.068, 1.19 and 0.91, respectively, while the corresponding values related to both grain and straw (total biological output) were 1.61, 1.80 and 1.36; respectively. Consequently, for the township, the corresponding mean values related to grain vs both grain and straw were calculated as 1.06 and 1.60, respectively. Input energy of DRYLAND WHEAT was found to be 12.49 GJ/ha and total output energy (grain and straw) was 20.056 GJ/ha leading to the net energy gain (NEG) of 7.54 GJ/ha. Mean values of fertilizer, fuel seed, equipment, pesticide, and labor were becomes evident 57.5%, 28.4%, 12.1%, 1.25%, 0.38%, and 0.02%, " respectively. It becomes evident that the input items fertilizer and fuel have dedicated to themselves the highest values of energy consumption the magnitudes of which should be optimized for implementation of an efficient management. Improportionate consumption of these inputs not only increases the production costs involved but also adds to the pollution of the atmosphere, soil and water resources as well.

Since the majority of DRYLAND farming area in eastern Azerbaijan is devoted to WHEAT production, therefore, climate zoning of DRYLAND WHEAT was set as the goal of this research.  For this reason long term climatic data of 39 meteorological stations inside the province and 7 synoptic stations out of the province were used. The most proper planting date was suggested based on the commencement of rainy season in each part of the province, and the different growth stages of DRYLAND WHEAT were determined.  Using the precipitation data, the climatic isohyetal maps of the following were derived: annual rain, rain during germination, rain during flowering, and rain during seed filling stage. In addition, using temperature data the climatic isothermal maps for germination, thermal stress during flowering and seed filling stages were developed for the province. Finally, these maps were compiled in GIS and afterward the climatic zoning of DRYLAND WHEAT was derived. The areas with no potential of WHEAT DRYLAND farming were omitted. The final map showed the most appropriate, appropriate, medium, and poor climatic zoning. The zoning in the map indicated that areas in the north part of the province had the most appropriate climatic conditions for DRYLAND farming. The concentration of medium to poor climatic zoning was located in a strip which was stretched from east to west part of the province.

The large variation of rainfall from one year to another, it's variable distribution and delayed fall's effective rain, are the weather characteristics of rainfed farming area in Maragheh.In such condition a proper scheduling for one or two single supplementary irrigation could have produced a significant difference in crop production.In order to study the effects of single irrigation (during planting & flowering stages 50 mm in each) on yield of 4 varieties of WHEAT (sabalan cross, Anza cross, Azar2 and sabalan), an experiment was conducted during 1996-1998 in Maragheh station.The amount of rainfall was 351 and 202 mm respectively. Irrigation system was adjustable sprinkler. All WHEAT varieties showed positive reaction to single irrigation in planting time, but Azar-2 and sabalan cross WHEAT varieties showed the most in both years with about 1000kg.ha-1 yield increase to a total of2.5 ton. Ha-1. Since Azar -2 had high yield increase in both single irrigation management in planting and flowering stages, it was recommended as the favorable variety.

In order to investigation and determination of vernalization requirement in seedling and soaked seed of two DRYLAND WHEAT cultivars (Sardary and Sabalan), this experiment was conducted in 2000 at the greenhouse of Agicultural college, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad. Treatments included lenght of vernalization period (in 7 level: 17, 30, 40, 49, 60 and 70 days in 3°C) and vernalization status (soaked seed or seedling) were studied as a factorial experiment in a Randomized complete design with three replications. Results showed that floral induction of Sardary and Sabalan require 17 and 30 days as a vernalization period respectively. After that, increasing of vernalization period to 40 and 49 days (for Sardary and Sabalan respectively) caused completion of vernalization requirement and decrease of days to heading (in main stem and tillers). Vernalization requirement of Sardary not only was less than Sabalan (40 vs. 49 days) but also its response to vernalization was more quantitative in comparison with Sabalan. Increasing of vernalization period also increased tiller number of Sabalan but had no effect on tiller number of Sardary. Results showed that vernalized soaked seed or seedling have a similar developmental rate.

2Agriculture is considered one of the most risky activities due to its heavy reliance on nature. Agricultural insurance is one of the most suitable solutions to cope with the unpredictable nature of these risks, which can support farmers and ensure the sustainability of crop production in the country. Considering the subject's importance, this study's main objective was to examine the barriers to DRYLAND WHEAT insurance from the farmers' perspective in Kurdistan province. The statistical population of this research included DRYLAND WHEAT farmers (67,486 individuals) in Kurdistan province. The sample size used in this study was 135 farmers determined by G-Power software, selected through a simple random sampling technique. For data analysis, the Partial Least Squares modeling method was used through applying SmartPLS3 software. This research examined and analyzed individual-professional characteristics, the current status of WHEAT insurance, access to insurance, and barriers to developing DRYLAND WHEAT insurance. The findings indicated that financial barriers had a path coefficient of 0.520, evaluation barriers had a path coefficient of 0.872, follow-up barriers had a path coefficient of 0.882, knowledge-information barriers had a path coefficient of 0.837, human barriers had a path coefficient of 0.603, regulatory-political barriers with a path coefficient of 0.906, and supervisory barriers with a path coefficient of 0.720 have a positive and significant impact on the development of DRYLAND WHEAT insurance from the perspective of farmers in Kurdistan province. Among the barriers examined, regulatory-political barriers, damage follow-up, damage assessment, and knowledge-information barriers played the most significant roles as obstacles to the development of DRYLAND WHEAT insurance. Based on the findings, it is suggested that to gain a deeper and more accurate understanding of the barriers to the development of DRYLAND WHEAT insurance and to provide solutions for overcoming these barriers, a qualitative approach should be taken to examine the issue from the perspectives of DRYLAND WHEAT farmers and agricultural insurance experts and agents.

In order to investigate yield of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) in intercropping with cultivars of WHEAT, an experiment was conducted for two growing seasons in Borzolabad DRYLAND research station. Experimental desing was a split plot in a form of randomized complete block desgin with three replications. Treatments were: irrigation regimes (non irrigation, irrigation in at the time of sowing and irrigation at the time of an thesis), WHEAT caltivares (Sardari, Malaghani, and 1:1 weight - based mixture of two), and different seed ratio of WHEAT and hairy vetch (pure stand of WHEAT cultivars and hairy vetch, %75 WHEAT: %25 hairy vetch, %66.7 WHEAT: %33.3 hairy vetch and %50 WHEAT: %50 hairy vetch). Results showed that supplementary irrigation at the time of an thesis of WHEAT increased yield of hairy vetch. Yield of hairy vetch in mixture decreased due to competition with WHEAT. Yield of hairy vetch in pure stand was highest and lowest in %75, %25 seed ratio. In two years of experiment cultivars of WHEAT showed not significant effect on yield of hairy vetch. Supplementary irrigation and seed ratios had no significant interaction effect on hairy vetch yield.

Soil erosion plays an important role in decreasing soil quality and agricultural products. Soil conservation is the preventive alternative that may have a role in decreasing soil erosion costs. Farmers have used vertical plow on the basis of experience and local knowledge and the effects of vertical plow on crop yield and quality of soil are tangible for them. this paper tried to examine soil conservation management in a bioeconomic modeling framework with an emphasis in local knowledge of farmers. It is shown that (I) soil erosion is a phenomenon present at any conservation management and impossible to completely avoid. Hence, some costs will be incured, (2) any kind of conservation practices that result in decreasing soil erosion and soil fertility mining may be effective in decreasing erosion costs. For example, vertical plow based on farmers knowledge has reduced in costs of soil erosion at least half as much as much as of its alternative, horizontal plow, (3) a considerable increase in farmer’s income is made because of traditional conservation every year, (4) Farmers are aware of the important of soil conservation and its benefits as result of their local knowledge. They would use conservation plow if they had suitable plowing machines for the steep lands and (5) The delay in using soil conservation practices by some farmers in due to increasing loss of yields and consequently, costs of erosion in soil with less than 10 centimeter depth being unimportant in terms of acreage and will get that depth in the long run with the present rates of erosion. The results justifies policy making, planning, credit support and application of advanced soil conservation measures or at least extension of traditional conservation practices, research about advanced conservation methods and allocation of sufficient budget for the application of the soil conservation practices.

To evaluate drought to lorance in promising DRYLAND durum WHEAT genotypes, this study was carried out during two cropping seasons (2001-2003) in Maragheh Agricultural Research Station. Experimental materials included: seven promising durum WHEAT genotypes, one check (Zardak) and three bread WHEAT genotypes (one landrace, Azar-2 and Sardari). The experiment was conducted using RCBD with four replications under DRYLAND and irrigated conditions. Quantitative criteria for stress resistance As: stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance index (TOL), mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), and geometric mean productivity (GMP) were used for evaluation genotypes response to stresse. Results showed that in DRYLAND condition effects of year and year genotype were highly significant (P≤0.01) on grain yield. In irrigated condition the main effects of year and genotypes were highly significant on grain yield. In comparison of the durum WHEAT genotypes with bread WHEATs the former had good tolerance under stresse condition and genotype no.4 (61-130/414-44//377-2/4/Df 21- 72//61-130/Uvy/3/128-13ya05509-1A-9A-2A-3A-OA-OAp) had the highest tolerance among the durum WHEATs.Among the criteria MP, GMP and STI had positively and highly significant correlation with grain yield under stress and non-stress conditions. Those criteriare recommended for screening of susceptible and resistant durum WHEAT genotypes for drought stren.

Climate and the required parameters for agricultural products are the important factors of production. We can determine potential facilities in different areas and consider the maximum tapping through agricultural meteorology. Due to DRYLANDs potentials in Fars province, we conducted a comprehensive survey based on 20 years climatic statistic. Thus, according to WHEAT phenological conditions and matching those with climatic conditions requirements in Fars province, we surveyed effective indices in grow crops. Finally, using geographic information systems (GIS) we implemented climatic elements zoning and weighting. Then the appropriate and inappropriate areas of the province for DRYLAND WHEAT were determined. Results indicated among the climatic elements, annual rainfall and its distribution during the growing season, also the grow degree day (GDD) are important factors in process of DRYLAND WHEAT. The main limiting factor in the study area was the shortage of rainfall and severe need water in most stations in spring season (grain filling stage) that require at least 1 to 2 complementary irrigation. But, precipitation for most areas of the province isn’t limited in fall and winter seasons. Based on maps extracted from the GIS, about 41.54 percent of the areas of province which are located in west, north west, center and south west including Kazeroun, Zarghan, Shiraz and Firouzabad cities, enjoy very potentials and 15.88 percent medium, 36.92 percent good and 5.99 percent with no potentials including north east and a strip of east and southern areas in Fars province.

Among different environmental stresses, drought is of great importance that induces a highly negative effect on crop production. In order to evaluate drought tolerance in DRYLAND WHEAT genotypes, 36 genotypes were studied in a randomized complete block design with three replications under rainfed (drought stress) and supplemental irrigation conditions during 2016– 2017 growing season in Research Farm of Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Results showed that there are significant differences among genotypes for grain yield in both rainfed and supplemental irrigation conditions. Combined analysis of variance over two experiments showed that drought stress significantly increased grain yield. Under supplemental irrigation conditions, the genotypes 22, 34 and 21 had the highest grain yield by an average of 3. 143, 3. 089 and 2. 921 t/ha and under rainfed condition, genotypes 20, 22 and 27 produced the highest grain yield with an average of 2. 647, 2. 610 and 2. 558 t/ha, respectively. In order to identify drought tolerance genotypes, drought resistant indices such as tolerance index (TOL), stress susceptibility index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI) and yield stability index (YSI) were used. GMP, MP and STI indices were highly correlated with grain yield under both stress and non-stress conditions. Therefore, they were introduced as suitable indices to identify superior genotypes for both environmental conditions. Based on principal component analysis and three dimensional graph, genotypes 22, 34, 33 and 15 were identified as drought tolerant genotypes and 7, 17, 14 and 1 were identified as drought sensitive genotypes. Cluster analysis with Ward's method based on grain yield under supplemental irrigation (Yp) and rainfed (Ys) conditions and drought tolerance indices divided the 36 genotypes into four major groups. Therefore, this result was consistent by results from principal component analysis.